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Research Applications & Laboratory Models 9.1 In Vitro Models 9.2 Ex Vivo & In Vivo Models 9.3 Key Experimental Considerations Dose Range: Typical in vivo doses range from 0.110 g/kg for BPC-157, 0.520 mg/kg for TB-500 Route: Intraperitoneal (IP), subcutaneous (SC), topical, or oral depending on model Duration: Acute studies (37 days) vs

ACE2 = angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, AFMK = N1-actyl-N2-formal-5-methoxykynuramine, BAX = Bcl-2-associated X protein, Bcl-2 = B-cell lymphoma 2, BMI = body mass index, CD147 = cluster of differentiation, CHD = coronary heart disease, COVID-19 = coronavirus disease, COX-2 inhibitors = cyclooxygenase-2, CRP = C-reactive protein, CVDs = cardiovascular diseases, ER = estrogen receptor, ERK = extracellular signal-regulated kinase, HF = heart failure, HTN = hypertension, IL = interleukin, iNOS = nitric oxide synthase, MI = myocardial infarction, MLT = melatonin, NF-B = nuclear factor-kappa B, NLRP3 = NLR family pyrin domain containing 3, NT-pro-BNP = N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, TLR = toll-like receptor

Mechanistically, these effects were associated with downregulation of NF-B, NPY, and TNF- ( Cymbopogon citratus alleviated PTZ-induced seizures in adult zebrafish, reduced brain levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), and enhanced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity, thereby demonstrating neuroprotective potential ( Tribulus terrestris extract (BJL) significantly inhibited neutrophil migration and aggregation induced by tail fin transection or LPS

Moreover, the authors also noted significant improvements in behavior and dopaminergic functions in PD rats, suggesting that intranasal delivery of OE-MSCs may be a promising and minimally invasive alternative in PD treatment [104]