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The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the samples contained a broad IR absorption peak at 37003000 cm 1 , corresponding to -OH stretching vibrations associated with hydrogen bonding, and at 1650 cm 1 , corresponding to asymmetric stretching vibrations of the carboxyl (COO-) group (Fig

Common animal models include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) model, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury model, radiation-induced intestinal injury model, etc

Although current pharmaceutical treatments relieve symptoms, their long-term efficacy is limited due to adverse side effects and weak neuroprotective properties

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIH) Dr